Morpholino oligos are advanced tools for blocking sites on RNA to obstruct cellular processes. A Morpholino oligo specifically binds to its selected target site to block access of cell components to that target site. This property can be exploited to block translation, block splicing, block miRNAs or their targets, and block ribozyme activity.

Translation Blocking: By sterically blocking the translation initiation complex, Morpholinos can knock down expression of many target sequences completely enough that after waiting for existing protein to degrade, the target protein band disappears from Western blots. Unlike many antisense types (e.g. siRNA, phosphorothioates), Morpholinos generally do not cause degradation of their RNA targets; instead, they block the biological activity of the target RNA until that RNA is degraded naturally, which releases the Morpholino. This means that RT-PCR is not suitable for assaying translation blocking by Morpholinos.

Splice Blocking: By blocking sites involved in splicing pre-mRNA, Morpholinos can be used to modify and control normal splicing events. This activity can be conveniently assayed by RT-PCR, with successful splice-modification appearing as band shifts of RT-PCR products on electrophoretic gels.

Like all gene knockdown reagents, Morpholinos must be actively delivered into most cells. Morpholinos can be delivered into cultured cells by a variety of methods, including scrape-loading of adherent cells, electroporation, and even microinjection. However, our new Endo-Porter delivery reagent generally gives the best delivery in cultured cells in terms of the amount of Morpholino delivered per cell, even distribution throughout a population of cells, reproducibility of delivery and non-toxicity. For animal experiments our Vivo-Morpholinos enter into cells from the blood after i.v. injections.

A Morpholino oligo is radically different from natural nucleic acids, with morpholine rings replacing the ribose or deoxyribose sugar moieties and non-ionic phosphorodiamidate linkages replacing the anionic phosphates of DNA and RNA. Each morpholine ring suitably positions one of the standard DNA bases (A,C,G,T), so that a 25-base Morpholino oligo strongly and specifically binds to its complementary 25-base target site in a strand of RNA via Watson-Crick pairing. Because the backbone of the Morpholino oligo is not recognized by any cellular enzymes or signaling proteins, it is completely stable to nucleases and does not trigger an innate immune response through the toll-like receptors. This avoids the problems of oligo degradation during the experiment, inflammation and interferon induction, which are problems commonly encountered with other gene knockdown reagents.

We encourage you to bring a more precise and powerful tool to bear on your experimental challenges. Call our Ph.D.-level customer support group at Gene Tools to get started with Morpholinos in your studies. Phone: (541) 929-7840 ext. 1.

1. Assessing delivery
As with all gene knockdown agents, effective delivery of Morpholinos is crucial. While confirming delivery is not crucial for experiments using embryonic microinjection, confirming delivery is important for experiments with cultured cells. Our new Endo-Porter delivery reagent generally gives simple, reliable, non-toxic delivery for most cell types. You can assess whether you are getting good delivery into the cytosol of your cells by using a fluorescent-tagged Morpholino. We recommend you use our inexpensive fluorescein-tagged Standard Control oligo for this purpose.

When using a fluorescent Morpholino to confirm delivery, start with a concentration of 10 microMolar Morpholino oligo in the culture medium. This is a high enough concentration that after 16 hours the fluorescent-tagged Morpholino should be visible in the cytosol by fluorescence microscopy. An inverted fluorescent microscope is the best choice for observing cells in culture plates. Observe live (unfixed) cells. Use a dry objective lens with the highest available numerical aperture to gather as much light as possible from the cells. Successful delivery is manifested by diffuse fluorescence throughout the cytosol. In contrast, punctate fluorescence usually indicates that the oligo is trapped in endosomes - so ignore punctate spots and look for the diffuse fluorescence.

For actual experiments with your custom-sequence Morpholino you generally need a concentration of only 1 to 5 microMolar for effective steric blocking of most mRNAs.


2. Solubility and Morpholinos
Though Morpholino oligos are much more soluble than other non-ionic structural types (such as PNAs), some Morpholinos with high G content (>30%) do have limited solubility. Also, attachment of our red lissamine fluor sometimes decreases oligo solubility. Freeze-thaw cycles or long-term storage at 4C can cause slow precipitation of Morpholinos and decrease of solution activity - though this can usually be reversed by heating 5 min at 65C. Morpholinos can be stored at room temperature, favoring maintaining the oligos in solution. Keeping the concentration of your Morpholino stock solution at or below 1 milliMolar generally avoids solubility problems.

DNA, RNA, and most gene knockdown reagents are typically stored in an ice bath during experiments to minimize degradation by nucleases. Because Morpholinos are completely resistant to enzymatic degradation and aqueous solutions are stable indefinitely at room temperature, we recommend that during your experiments you keep your stock solutions of Morpholinos at room temperature. Chilling your stock solutions in an ice bath simply risks causing the Morpholino to precipitate out.

For long-term storage your Morpholino stock solutions can be stored at room temperature or frozen (any temperature below 0C). Freezing prevents growth of any organisms that might have been inadvertently introduced after initial opening of the vial of sterile oligo. Before using such frozen stock solutions, we recommend that you heat the oligo solution at 65C for 5 minutes to assure that the Morpholino is fully in solution before use.

These precautions are more than needed for most sequences, but their routine use helps to avoid unpleasant surprises in the event you encounter a sequence with low solubility.