Gene Tools makes Morpholino antisense oligos. We are the sole commercial manufacturer selling research quantities of Morpholinos world-wide. Morpholino oligos can knockdown gene expression, modify splicing or inhibit miRNA activity and maturation. Morpholinos are the premier knockdown tools used in developmental biology labs, the best RNA-blocking reagents for cells in culture and, as Vivo-Morpholinos, the most specific knockdown technology available for other animal models.

Morpholino oligos are short chains of about 25 Morpholino subunits. Each subunit is comprised of a nucleic acid base, a morpholine ring and a non-ionic phosphorodiamidate intersubunit linkage. Morpholinos do not degrade their RNA targets, but instead act via an RNAse H-independent steric blocking mechanism. With their requirement for greater complementarity with their target RNAs, Morpholinos are free of the widespread off-target expression modulation typical of knockdowns which rely on RISC or RNase-H activity. They are completely stable in cells and do not induce immune responses.

With their high mRNA binding affinity and exquisite specificity, Morpholinos yield reliable and predictable results. Depending on the oligo sequence selected, they either can block translation initiation in the cytosol (by targeting the 5' UTR through the first 25 bases of coding sequence), can modify pre-mRNA splicing in the nucleus (by targeting splice junctions or splice regulatory sites) or can inhibit miRNA maturation and activity (by targeting mature miRNA or pri-miRNA), as well as more exotic applications such as ribozyme inhibition or translational frameshifting. Morpholinos have been shown effective in animals, protists, plants and bacteria.

We are continually developing novel cytosolic delivery systems like our 'Endo-Porter' for cultured cells and our Vivo-Morpholinos for in vivo delivery. Established delivery technologies it easy to deliver Morpholinos into cultures, embryos or animals -- making Morpholinos the best tools for genetic studies and drug target validation programs. Microinjection or electroporation of Morpholino oligos into the embryos of frogs, zebrafish, chicks, sea urchins and other organisms successfully and specifically shuts down the expression of targeted genes, making Morpholinos an indispensable tool of developmental biologists. Morpholinos have also proven their versatility and efficacy in cultures of primary and immortal cells when delivered by Endo-Porter or electroporation. Now, with Vivo-Morpholinos, the specificity and efficacy of Morpholino oligos can be brought to experiments in adult animals. The list of over 3000 publications using Morpholinos is growing daily and is maintained on-line in a browseable database. Morpholino oligos have excellent antisense properties compared to other gene knockdown systems.

Besides providing the best knockdown and splice modification tools, we also provide the best customer support available in the gene silencing industry. Our customer support team includes three scientifically active Ph.D.-level scientists who are available to: 1) discuss your experiment design, 2) design your oligos for you, and 3) help you troubleshoot your experiments, all at no additional cost. Gene Tools is a research-based company led by Dr. Jim Summerton (inventor of Morpholino oligos). While providing Morpholino oligos to researchers world-wide, Gene Tools continues to develop methods to improve in vivo delivery, in particular systemic in vivo delivery of therapeutically useful concentrations of Morpholinos into the cytosol of cells in adult organisms. Our research into in vivo delivery has led us to new molecules which are potentially useful for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer; these are still in development.

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